Tugas Bahasa Inggris (Ke 2)

1)    PRESENT SIMPLE

a.      Repeated Actions

            Use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is repeated or usual. The action can be a habit, a hobby, a daily event, a scheduled event or something that often happens. It can also be something a person often forgets or usually does not do.

b.      Facts or Generalizations

            The Simple Present can also indicate the speaker believes that a fact was true before, is true now, and will be true in the future. It is not important if the speaker is correct about the fact. It is also used to make generalizations about people or things.

c.      Scheduled Events in the Near Future

            Speakers occasionally use Simple Present to talk about scheduled events in the near future. This is most commonly done when talking about public transportation, but it can be used with other scheduled events as well.

d.      Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

             Speakers sometimes use the Simple Present to express the idea that an action is happening or is not happening now. This can only be done with Non-Continuous Verbs and certain Mixed Verbs.

            ADVERB PLACEMENT

                        The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,                                only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

            ACTIVE / PASSIVE

            Examples:

• Once a week, Clara cleans the house. (Active)
• Once a week, the house is cleaned by Clara. (Passive)

2)    PRESENT CONTINUOUS

a.      Now

            Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.

b.      Longer Actions in Progress Now

            In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.

c.      Near Future

            Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.

d.      Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

            The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

            ADVERB PLACEMENT

                        The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,                                 only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

            ACTIVE / PASSIVE

            Examples:

• Right now, Kim is writing romance novel. (Active)
• Right now, romance novel is being written by Kim. (Passive)

3)    PRESENT PERFECT

a.      Unspecified Time Before Now

            We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

                        How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?

                                    The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English                                    learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:

a)     Experience

            You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying, "I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event.

b)     Change Over Time

                  We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a period of time.

c)     Accomplishments

                        We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals            and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time.

d)     An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting

                        We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen.

e)      Multiple Actions at Different Times

                        We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different action which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible.

b.      Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)

            With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. 

            ADVERB PLACEMENT

                        The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,                                 only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

            ACTIVE / PASSIVE

            Examples:

• Many tourists have visited that castle.(Active)
• That castle has been visited by many tourists. (Passive)

4)    PAST SIMPLE

a.      Completed Action in the Past

            Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.

b.      A Series of Completed Actions

            We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.

c.      Duration in Past

            The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.

d.      Habits in the Past

            The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.

e.      Past Facts or Generalizations

            The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to."

            ADVERB PLACEMENT

                        The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,                           only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

            ACTIVE / PASSIVE

            Examples:

• Brian repaired the car. (Active)
• The car was repaired by Brian. (Passive)

5)    PAST CONTINUOUS

a.      Interrupted Action in the Past

            Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.

b.      Specific Time as an Interruption

            In "Interrupted Action in the Past", described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.

c.      Parallel Actions

            When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.

d.      Atmosphere

            In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.

e.      Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

            The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."

            ADVERB PLACEMENT

                        The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,                    only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

           ACTIVE / PASSIVE

            Examples:

• The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. (Active)
• The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. (Passive)

6)    PAST PERFECT

a.      Completed Action Before Something in the Past

            The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

b.      Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

            With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

 

            ADVERB PLACEMENT

                        The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always,                      only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

            ACTIVE / PASSIVE

            Examples:

• George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. (Active)
• Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. (Passive)